A multinational corporation (MNC) is a corporation Essays

A worldwide enterprise (MNC) is a company Essays A worldwide enterprise (MNC) is a company Essay A global organization (MNC) is an enterprise Essay Presentation Global organizations can be seen from various positions ( possession, heading, plot and basic, and so on ) and have a few measurements. There have been proclamations in the days gone by over the significance of each position and theoreticians have shared various positions with regards to indicating a ‘multinational’ partnership. Franklin Root ( 1994 ) attempts to set the announcements to rest by giving some clarity to the definition. Orchestrating to his definition, a transnational enterprise ( MNC ) is a parent organization that takes part in outside creation through its offshoots situated in a few states, exercisings direct power over the strategies of its associates and actualizes concern plans underway, selling, account and staffing that rise above national limits. ( Howard, 1994 ) In oversimplified footings, a MNC is a worry which has creation as well as circulation activities in any event two states, by means of subordinates, keeping organizations, joint endeavors, authorizing and so forth. All around, due to their generosity, transnational partnerships play an amazing capacity in universal dealingss and neighborhood monetary frameworks. The review investigates one such planetary enterprise which plays a significant capacity both in the nearby financial framework and the monetary framework at the planetary stage. Examination Indian organizations are quick rising as Global members with their remote direct contributing and procurement exercises holding picked up land in the last team of mature ages. ( Murray, 2005 ) Tata Group of Companies is one such organization which has hit the universe stage enormous clasp with its ongoing prominent acquisitions and adventures. The Group makes its quality felt today in each mainland and more than 43 states. The study inspects the developing of Tata Group, its abroad activities, geographic nearness and its invasion plot. Organization Profile Goodbye Group of Companies Goodbye Group is one of India’s most seasoned and biggest concern pudding stones. The worry spreads across 96 runing organizations in seven concern segments: data frameworks and interchanges ; innovation ; stuffs ; administrations ; vitality ; buyer stocks ; and synthetic compounds. It utilizes approximately 2,46,000 individuals and together has an investor base of more than 2,000,000 and advertise capitilisation of $ 57.6 billion. ( Web 1 ) It is a really planetary partnership which stood out as truly newsworthy with its triumphant order for Corus ( the UK based steel organization ) . A portion of the Group’s subordinates and its tasks are investigated underneath. Goodbye Tea Goodbye Tea was arrangement in 1964 as a joint endeavor with UK-based James Finlay and Company to create esteemed included tea. The gathering, which incorporates Tata Tea and the UK-based Tetley Group extends 40 states and is the universe s second biggest planetary marked tea activity. ( Web 1 ) The three significant area where Tata tea subordinates are based are in India, UK and US. Goodbye tea entered the UK showcase with a Joint Venture with Allied Lyons ( owners of Tetley ) to make Tata Tea in 1993. ( Web 1 ) Subsequently on, in 2000, Tetley was obtained by Tata tea making one of the biggest planetary tea exchange names. Tetley, on its ain, sells more than 60 marked stocks and is the taking tea exchange name UK and Canada with significant market parcels in the United States, Australia, Poland and France. Tetley’s developing plan centers around specially designing the arrangement of contributions for each state. While Tetley is headquartered in London, Tata Tetley has a far e situated unit at Kochi in Kerala, India. Goodbye Tea Inc ( situated in Florida, US ) is a subordinate of Tata Tea, built up to run into explicit requests of health witting US buyers. The organization has its plant tasks in Florida which is utilized to reuse or intermix moment teas brought from India. Goodbye tea other than has significant nearness in ranch movement in Sri Lanka through Watawala Plantations. ( Web 1 ) Goodbye Tea’s global arrangement of exercises is consistently turning its essence in the rest of Europe, all through the Caribbean and lesser created markets, for example, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Russia where Tetley was propelled in 2004. The amalgamate overall marked tea worry of the Tata Tea Group adds to around 86 percent of its amalgamate turnover. ( Web 1 ) Goodbye Steel Goodbye Steel signifiers India s biggest consolidate private segment steel organization. It was late in the knowledge for its upset detat order for Corus ( the UK based Steel producer ) . Goodbye Steel effectively won thecoup detatcommand and is currently the world’s fifth-greatest steel house. Corus itself was a planetary organization framed out of the 1999 amalgamation of British Steel and Dutch gathering Hoogovens and utilized 47000 representatives. ( Web 2 ) It had a graduated table of 19 million metric tons and a nearness in Europe with a significant exchange name. Corus is presently an unlisted organization and is held by one of Tata Steel s subordinates on a 100-percent balance. Goodbye Steel’s other significant procurement before Corus was Singapore’s steel house Natsteel. It obtained Natsteel to give itself a bridgehead in seven states, including Australia. Before thecoup detatof Corus and Natsteel, Tata steel was essentially a spot based organization and Corus speaks to its first extension outside of Asia. It holds has subordinates in Sri Lanka ( ajoint venturewith Lanka Special Steel ) . Goodbye Steel’s run of the mill advantage lies in the effectiveness of its tasks and modest by and large stuffs which has earned itself an alone ticket of being the most reduced cost steel producers known to man. Goodbye Consultancy Services Goodbye Consultancy Services ( TCS ) is one of the taking data building organizations known to man holding more than 50 planetary bringing Centers. Its customers remember seven of the main 10 enterprises for the Fortune 500 rundown of the biggest partnerships in the United States, companies, for example, IBM, GE and so forth ( Web 3 ) Through its counseling administrations, TSC encourages customers to optimise their anxiety procedures to ensure quicker and precise results. It other than gives customer, for example, GE demonstrating coordinating and demonstrating arrangements. Its re-appropriating maps permit organizations like IBM to focus on their core activities. TCS other than offers comprehension based re-appropriating for customers like Danone ( France ) through which it companions to do its IT base adaptable, versatile, and secure, while augmenting open introduction. Goodbye Motors Goodbye Motors is India s biggest vehicle organization which started its creation with a 15-yearcoaction understandingwith Daimler Benz of Germany. It is a rapidly turning organization and like other Tata Group of organizations seeks after developing through amalgamations, joint endeavors and acquisitions. In 2004, itacquiredthe Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company, Korea s second-biggest truck shaper, presently named Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicles Company. ( Rao, 2003 ) Following Year, Tata Motorsacquired a 21-percent interestin Hispano Carrocera, a rumored Spanish mentor and administrator creator, with an alternative to get the staying interest each piece great. This securing has made Tata Motors the universe s fifth-biggest medium and substantial business vehicle creator. It nowexportsvehicles to Europe, Africa, the Middle East, South and South East Asia and Australia and hasassembly operationsin Malaysia, Bangladesh, Ukraine, Kenya and Russia. A portion of its different partners in corporate Tata Cummmins ; a joint endeavor with US based motor creator Cummins, Telco Construction Equipment Company ; a joint endeavor with Nipponese based Hitachi Machinery for earthmoving and overwhelming supplies like Cranes and so on ( Web 3 ) Goodbye AutoComp Systems ( TACO ) Goodbye AutoComp System is a truly planetary building organization in the car part offering stocks and administrations to vehicle and constituent creators each piece great as end-clients of vehicles. It has assembled its base through associations and joint endeavors with planetary constituent and vehicle producers. Its three significant nations of concern incorporate creation, innovation and gracefully chain heading. TACO has gone into a joint endeavor with creation organizations over the universe which incorporate states like Japan, South Korea, US and Germany. A portion of its joint endeavors are with Johnson Controls ( US ) , Yazaki Corporation ( Japan ) , CHKK ( Japan ) , Ficosa International ( Spain ) , Nifco Corporation ( Japan ) and Stadco ( UK ) ( Web 1 ) Goodbye BP Solar Goodbye BP Solar is ajoint venturebetween Tata Power Company and BP Solar, one of the biggest sunlight based organizations known to man. It utilizes cutting edge building to offer high-caliber, progressed sun based arrangements that take into account the requests of single customers, enormous foundations each piece great as full networks. ( Source ) Tata BP sun based can other than be named transnational on the grounds that it sends out its stocks and frameworks to a large group of states and the greater part ( 60 % ) of its gross incomes originate from trades with more than 95 percent of the fares heading out to Europe and America. Goodbye Group’s other enormous acquisitions list incorporates the securing of South Korean Automaker Daewoo. Daewoo’s household showcase parcel has ascended from 26 percent to 33 percent after the upset detat. ( Newing, 2005 ) Ratan Tata, the leader of Tata Group is an enduring truster in spread trip all inclusive through acquisitions and joint endeavors. He prompts other Indian organizations to turn naturally and through amalgamations and acquisitions since he feels that a more extensive base prepares a house against financial downswings. In accordance with his idea, the Tata Group’s planetary amalgamations hasn’t halted. It sees the inn segment as the accompanying enormous possibility for developing and is effectively looking to turn its Tata Hotel Gro

Homeostasis Essay

What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is the system in our body that directs and keeps up a steady and consistent condition. This empowers our body to react to changes in nature around us as. The homeostatic instruments in our body, watch and screen conditions and will at that point make a judgment whether to change the manner in which the body capacities is structure to adjust to the outside environmental factors better. The fundamental organs engaged with homeostasis are; the cerebrum, liver, skin and kidney’s. The skin is included as its goes about as a defensive layer and furthermore manages internal heat level. The liver separates unsafe substances and the kidneys control water levels and waste items. In the cerebrum the nerve center controls everything and transforming them to fit into the outside environmental factors. Negative input is additionally connected in as it is the procedure of homeostasis. It is negative since it is in a negative circumstance and won't kick it except if there’s something incorrectly. Internal heat level At the point when we practice the body needs to work more earnestly, the internal heat level would build this is because of organs working more diligently to get oxygen to muscles. The metabolic rate that produces more vitality needs to increment all together for more vitality to be discharged. The heart needs to siphon more blood around the body so as to convey oxygen to the working muscles so they can continue working at that limit. What systems are there to chill the body off? Perspiring organs are invigorated to discharge sweat Fluid transform into gas Vasodilation-your body hauls a large portion of the warmth vitality around your body There are vessels underneath your skin that can be loaded up with blood in the event that you get too hot This carries the blood nearer to the outside of the skin so more warmth can be lost, this is the reason we look red when we’re hot. What components are there to warm the body up? Vasoconstriction-this is something contrary to vasodilation The vessels underneath your skin get choked (shut off) so less warmth is lost Piloerection-this is the point at which the hairs on your skin hold up The hairs trap a layer of air close to the skin which is then warmed by the body heat. Pulse The pulse is constrained by the autonomic sensory system. This framework in any case, is part into two, the thoughtful sensory system and the parasympathetic framework. The thoughtful framework is responsible for accelerating the pulse when it’s required and the parasympathetic framework is there to back the pulse off. There are numerous reasons why pulse could expand; the principle and clear reasons are dread, stress and exercise. Exercise is one of the primary reasons why pulse would increment as when we practice we need more oxygen to venture out to our working muscles. Oxygen is just conveyed in the blood and the fundamental organ for the blood siphoning around the body is the heart. This is the point at which the thoughtful sensory system comes in; the receptors tell the cerebrum that we are doing activity and afterward the minds makes an impression on the heart to siphon quicker, all together for more oxygen to be moved in the blood to the working muscles. At the point w hen we are not doing exercise we have a ‘pace maker’ of the heart. This ‘pace maker’ called the Sino atrial hub keeps a standard heart beat. We have tried our Sino atrial hub by above all else doing activity to see our increased pulse, mine was 13. Following 5 minutes of rest our Sino atrial hub ought to have kicked in and our customary heart beat will be occurring, mine was presently 11. The negative input framework Change in the body’s outer condition, the mind gets a message †practice Change in body’s interior framework Receptors recognize change and send messages to the cerebrum The mind sorts out inward and outer body changes to take the earth back to ordinary Breathing rate Breathing rate is dictated by the measure of breaths taken during a certainâ period of time. This can increment during exercise or any physical movement or injury. The manner by which the body perceives this is by the chemo-receptors. They make an impression on the cerebrum, which at that point makes an impression on the heart to siphon more blood by thumping quicker, this is on the grounds that they have recognized an adjustment in the measure of carbon dioxide that is coursing the body. When the chemo-receptors distinguish an elevated level of carbon dioxide, they make an impression on the mind to increment or reduction breathing rate so as to dispose of carbon dioxide or to renew the measure of oxygen in the body. What occurs next is exceptionally cunning in the way that the body perceives that during exercise we need more oxygen. Consequently messages as nerve driving forces are sent to the stomach making it contract. At the point when the stomach contracts it brings down itself all together for the ribs to extend and move upwards so there is expanded space for the lungs to swell. The muscle that permits the ribs to go up and out is known as the entomb costal muscle. This procedure of breathing rate is called motivation. At the point when we breathe out the opposite happens to what has quite recently been clarified. The stomach unwinds and comes back to its unique position. The entomb costal muscle that permits the ribs to go up and out additionally unwinds and restores the ribs to their fixed position. This procedure is known as termination. Blood glucose Blood glucose is essentially the control of sugar levels in the body, and decides when the body needs more glucose (sugar) or when it needs less. The piece of the body that controls the glucose is the pancreas. The pancreas discharges insulin which is made to bring down glucose levels when it gets excessively high yet can likewise make glucagon that brings the glucose step up when they are excessively low. Glucose levels primarily are influenced and changed by the food we eat. Before a feast our glucose levels will be pursuing low however we’re eaten our glucose levels will be significantly higher, and by and large will require the assistance of insulin to bring them down to the typical level, somewhere in the range of 4 and 8ml, in the event that we have expended excessively. The procedure of how we get the sugar is from the food we eat, primarily by the starches we expend. Sugars are taken into the body by the food, and are then processed and changed into glucose that the bo dy can use for vitality. During exercise glucose levels will fall underneath our typical, so our body receptors state ‘level of glucose in the body is too low’ and in this manner will advise the pancreas to deliver glycogen to bring our sugar levels back up.

One week from date free essay sample

I will likewise be utilizing her help hours to do the week after week food shop. Plan: Action When done Feedback/complete pick a cooking meeting Multi week from date of care plan 22/02/201 3 Attend a sanitation mindfulness course 25/02/201 3 Have support at cooking meeting Ongoing Practice abilities from cooking meeting in my home 25/03/201 3 Independent in going to cooking meeting Independent in cooking at home Miss Smith has made the arrangement with me and knows about the phases which she should finish. Miss Smith knows she will be going on a sanitation attentiveness course and is likewise mindful that it will be routinely refreshed With any changes.There is a criticism area for Miss Smith and care specialist to round out en route or when they feel a stage has been finished. This is an open door for Miss Smith to record any worries or positives and the equivalent for supporting staff. We will compose a custom paper test on Multi week from date or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Concurred support: Active cooperation Weekly food shop will pick the day, the shop and what I might want to buy. Cooking meeting will pick the cooking meeting and which ones I might want to join in. This table beneath is a table created by me and Chloe. It is concurred I will round out en of these toward the finish of each cooking meeting and each week by week shop.What worked out positively/what did you appreciate What didnt go so well/what you didnt appreciate What you would change next time It is likewise concurred that help laborers toward the finish of each meeting will; talk about with me about the meeting. Will be given positive and productive criticism after and during exercises. I will frequently be reminded can pose any inquiries as experience issues requesting help. I have solicited staff could record notes from what she is doing SSL thinks that its hard to compose. Dangers: Have you settled on any options in this arrangement that will build possibility of hazard.

Cape Town Profile - Free Essay Example

1. Demographic trends 1.1 Population The South African nation comes from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds and has 11 official languages. This diverse population is characterised by eight distinct factors, namely race (population group), culture, ethnicity, language, religion, class, education and politics. The South African population in 2015 was estimated at 54 956 900 people, of whom approximately 51% (some 28, 07 million) were female. The Western Cape population in 2015 was estimated at 6 200 100, which constituted 11, 3% of the countrys total population, having declined slightly since 2014 when it constituted 11, 4% of the total South African population. The female population in the province is slightly higher, comprising 50, 73% of the total population. The Western Capes population is predominantly urban, mainly as Cape Towns population makes up a significant portion of the provincial population. 1.2 Households The total number of households in Cape Town grew from 653 085 in 1996 to 1 068 572 in 2011, which represents an increase of 63, 6%. There seems to be a trend towards smaller household units across all population groups. In 1996, the average household in Cape Town had three, 92 members, which dropped to three, 50 in 2011. Fertility, mean age at marriage, and divorce are the three main demographic determinants influencing household size. Households become less extended, more nuclear and smaller as societies industrialize and urbanize. The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) studied the factors responsible for the reduction in household sizes throughout South Africa. Their analysis revealed that a mixture of interrelated legal, economic and social processes have contributed towards this trend since 1994. These involve greater legal protection and social acceptance of youth and women claiming rights to housing, the emergence of a powerful youth culture driving modern aspirations, the increasing effects of high unemployment, and womens earning power eroding patriarchal values and changing the nature of the institution of marriage. Cape Towns average household size is below that of developing countries (five members) and is moving closer to that of many developed countries (two to three members). This is already the case in certain population groups, particularly the white and black African groups (with the former averaging at around 2, 5 and the latter at 3, 25 in 2011). Even though the trend of smaller household sizes may have be seen as positive, it does pose certain challenges to Cape Town, as to other South African metros and developing-country cities. These include the increased demand for housing supply to accommodate the trend, with the consequent increase in housing prices; increased competition for scarce urban land for new housing developments, and the breakdown of the extended family, which is often considered as powerful social support network. The demographic trend for South Africa and the Western Cape indicates an ageing population across all population groups. This pattern is also evident in Cape Town. The amount of children (0 to 14 years) in Cape Town decreased from 29, 10% in 2002 to 26, and 18% in 2015. In the same period, the percentage of the population who are economically active (15 to 64 years) increased from 66, 58% to 67, 73%, while the aged population (65 years and above) grew from 4, 31% to 6, 09%. However, the total age dependency ratio for Cape Town decreased during this period from 0, 50 to 0, and 48. According to the UN classification, Cape Towns population has moved towards the upper end of a mature or middle-aged population. A population is considered mature or middle age if 4 to 7% of the population are aged 65 and above. Of the economically active (15 to 64 years), 53, 30% were absorbed into the economy in 2015. Even though this increased from 2009, when the labour absorption rate was 52, 50%, it has still not improved to the 2008 level of 54, 20%. This showed that Cape Towns economy is not growing fast enough to support the increasing economically active population. However, it also displays the impact of the economic recession from late 2008 to the end of 2009 on the economy, and a degree of recovery since then. 2. Health trends South Africas health profile reflects the historical challenges associated with its economic and geographical inequalities. South Africans experience an increasing number of non-communicable diseases associated with age and lifestyle, while communicable diseases (mainly the (HIV) and (TB)) also remain paramount concerns. Life expectancy at birth in South Africa increased from 61,2 years in 2012, to 62,2 years in 2013, to 62,9 years in 2015, which represents an annual rate of increase of 0,57 years. At this rate, the National Development Plan (NDP) vision of 70 years for life expectancy by 2030 is very likely to have be achieved. The Western Cape has the highest life expectancy at birth (68 years), which is very close to achieving the NDP 2030 vision. 2.1 Infant mortality rate in Cape Town The infant mortality rate is a key indicator of health and development in a society. It is associated with a broad range of social, economic and environmental factors, which are also indicative of the health status of the broader population. The IMR in South Africa significantly reduced from 2009 (39, 0) up to 2012 (27, 0), but had increased slightly by 2014 (28, 0), although it was still significantly lower than in 2009. This downward trend is also seen in Cape Town, where there was a clear trend towards a decrease in the IMR in the Cape metro between 2003 and 2012, dropping from 25,2 to 16,4 (per 1 000 live births) (refer table 1). Table 1: Cape Town infant mortality rate (IMR) trends (per 1 000 live births), 2003 to 2012 2.2 Child deaths Diseases that are readily preventable or treatable cause most child deaths. Globally, infectious diseases and newborn complications are responsible for the vast majority of deaths below the age of five. South Africa did not meet its MDG target of reducing deaths per 1 000 live births to 20 by 2015 (based on projections), it has however significantly improved its child health and under-5 mortality rate. The latter dropped by an annual average of 10, 3% between 2006 and 2011 (the fourth fastest rate of decline globally). This decline was largely attributed to the programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, improved immunisation rates to protect children against vaccine-preventable diseases such as diarrhoea and pneumonia, and vitamin A supplementation, which has decreased vitamin A deficiencies. South Africa is one of only a few countries that have introduced rotavirus and pneumococcus vaccines to reduce the incidence of, and death due to, diarrhoea and pneumonia in children. The main causes of child deaths during 2010 in Cape Town (figure 1) include diarrhoea (13%), other illnesses (11%), pneumonia (10%) and injuries (10%). The data for the causes of child deaths in Cape Town were previously generated by the Medical Research Council (MRC). However, the National Department of Home Affairs has introduced certain law amendments, which now forbid access to medical certificates, except for Stats SA. Therefore, the MRC was unable to generate data that are more recent. Stats SAs report on mortality and causes of death only presents a national overview of the causes of death for the under-5 group. 2.3 Tuberculosis There was a general increase in TB cases and incidence from 1997 to 2014 in Cape Town. From 2010 to 2014, however, a downward trend started to emerge. This downward trend is consistent with global and national TB trends. In Cape Town, data reveal that the number of HIV-positive TB cases, which previously increased, is now falling. Substantial improvements in TB outcomes had been achieved in the past number of years. In spite of these improvements, however, the following factors continue to fuel the TB epidemic in Cape Town: Poverty Urbanisation, with resultant overcrowding Damp, poorly ventilated houses/ shacks High HIV prevalence Clients presenting or being infected partners in serodiscordant Couples. However, maintaining an increasingly large number of people on lifelong ART does pose certain challenges, with available staff and infrastructure struggling to cope. identified late in the course of Strategies that address the HIV the disease (having potentially infected many others before treatment starts) Some clients never starting treatment, or interrupting treatment (defaulters) Substance abuse Smoking

Plato’S Idea Of A Teacher Is One Whose Soul Boldly Faces

Plato’s idea of a teacher is one whose soul boldly faces the sun, a self-motivated seeker of truth. In his allegory The Cave, he describes guiding minds toward what is real and important and allowing them to seize it for themselves. In this cave, prisoners’ backs are to the sun and they are only experiencing life through the shadows that the sun casts. However, by removing the shackles and turning towards the light, the prisoners will be able to see and experience the real things that have cast the shadows. Consequently, a student’s back can be to the light and only with education will he â€Å"see.† Plato believes that â€Å"there is the person, who for as long as they live, will remain a voluntary prisoner in the darkness of the cave. For†¦show more content†¦This included teaching at a Laboratory School, a Dean of the Graduate School of Education, and Director/Co-director of the Center for Educational Renewal. Goodlad is known for publis hing influential models for renewing schools and teacher education. He authored or co-authored more than 30 books; wrote chapters and papers in more than 100 other books and yearbooks; and had more than 200 articles in professional journals and encyclopedias (Encyclopedia, 2007). He went on to become the Co-director of the Center for Educational Renewal where he created Centers of Pedagogy. His work centered on creating a working relationship between the School of Arts and Sciences, College of Education, and K-12 Institutions. His work included creating a teacher preparation curriculum that equipped teachers for subject matter delivery, inquiry, questioning, curiosity, and fostered a desire to learn new ideas (Goodlad, 1994). In Goodlad’s book, Educational Renewal, readers explore how he planned to transform the way universities prepare teachers. Goodlad believes that the time has come when teacher education must be redefined and reconstructed in a way that raises expect ations, eliminates weak educational ideas, and increases professional honor. His experience and work as the director of teacher education in four different universities afforded him the foundation and knowledge to begin researching a better way to educate future teachers. Such research led him to begin

The Causes Of Bacterial Meningitis Worldwide - 1347 Words

Neisseria meningitidis has been around for hundreds of years and has been one of the major causes of bacterial meningitis worldwide. This non endospore forming diplococcus, aerobic, gram negative bacterial pathogen is exclusive only to humans and is a challenge worldwide. Over 500,000 cases occur each year which makes it in the top ten infectious cause of death worldwide [7]. Physical and mental side effects are often a permanent outcome for patient that survive Neisseria meningitidis. Neisseria meningitidis is located in the back of the nose or throat in around 1 to 10, which show no signs of disease transient microbiota. When a patient that carries this bacterium, but doesn t show any signs, is know as a asymptomatic carrier. When traveling to Hajj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, a vaccination must be proven. Medical conditions such as myeloma, alcoholism, renal disease, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and splenectomy increases congenital deficiencies of immunoglobulins, which predisposes the patient to being susceptible to Neisseria meningitidis. Large outbreaks of this bacterium can occur when the combination of clonal and increased transmission occur. Abnormalities in bactericidal activity of human sera is another characteristic in a humans that make them more susceptible to the bacterium [7]. To predispose a patient to the bacterium is the absence of bactericidal antibodies (an antibody that kills the bacterial agent), the presence of blocking antibodies (an antibody thatShow MoreRelatedInfectious Disease: Meningitis Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesMeningitis, also known as spinal meningitis, is a viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the membranes, called meninges. Meninges act as a natural protective barrier that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. When the barrier is permeable, infections are able to transmit a disease in or through and cause serious or even fatal effects. There are different causes for the different categories of meningitis result ing in different symptoms and severities in each. One of the four differentRead MoreCommon Causes Of Bacterial Meningitis1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe four most common causes of bacterial meningitis come from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and Listeria monocytogenes. S. pneumoniae has been the study of scientist for the past century striving for both clinical and basic scientific discovery. In 1881 Louis Pasteur used the saliva of an infected child and injected it into rabbits identifying slightly elongated diplococcic (Smith 2012). S. pneumoniae is a gram positive, facultative anaerobeRead MoreThe Effects Of Bacterial Meningitis On The Nervous System1451 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Bacterial Meningitis affects the nervous system by causing inflammation of a trio of membranes known as the Meninges that are situated around the brain and spinal cord. It s a disease that is slowly but surely being defeated worldwide with mortality rates falling from 464,000 deaths in 1990 to 303,000 in 2013[3]. Common symptoms throughout the period of an infection include; headaches, vomiting, fever, neck stiffness and an altered mental state. The severity of symptoms can dependRead MoreClinical Distinction Between Acute Bacterial Meningitis ( Abm ) And Viral Meningitis1405 Words   |  6 PagesAccuracy of Heparin Binding Protein; a new marker; in prediction of Acute Bacterial Meningitis M. H. Kandil1, G. I. Khalil1, E. A. El-Attar1, G. M .Shehata1, S. Hassan2 1Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt, 2Ministry of Health, Alexandria, Egypt Abstract: Background: The clinical distinction between acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) viral meningitis is difficult in the acute phase of illness. Bacterial culture of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the gold-standard techniqueRead More Spinal Meningitis Essay843 Words   |  4 Pages Meningitis is an infection of the fluid of a person’s spinal cord and fluid that surrounds a person’s brain. It is sometimes referred to as Spinal Meningitis. It’s usually caused by either a bacterial or viral infection. As you read through this paper you will learn how Meningitis is transmitted, its symptoms, its effects, and even the incidences it has caused. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The common symptoms of anyone over two years old is high fever, headache, and stiff neck. Symptoms can developRead MoreSpinal Meningitis868 Words   |  4 PagesMeningitis is an infection of the fluid of a persons spinal cord and fluid that surrounds a persons brain. It is sometimes referred to as Spinal Meningitis. Its usually caused by either a bacterial or viral infection. As you read through this paper you will learn how Meningitis is transmitted, its symptoms, its effects, and even the incidences it has caused. The common symptoms of anyone over two years old is high fever, headache, and stiff neck. Symptoms can develop over several hoursRead MoreMeningitis : Viral And Bacterial1754 Words   |  8 PagesMeningitis: Viral and Bacterial Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, membranes that surround the brain. This can extend as far as infecting the cerebral spinal fluid on top of causing the tissue to swell. Meningitis comes in two major forms; bacterially and virally. However, having bacterial meningitis is much more severe than viral meningitis. There is a lot more danger in having a bacterial infection within the brain than a viral infection within the brain. What makes bacterial meningitisRead More Meningococcal Disease Treatments and Vaccines Essay3072 Words   |  13 Pagesthis disease. Antibiotics play a role in helping to treat patients with bacterial meningitis, and steroids have been tested to help reduce risk factors. Prevention has also become a key issue because meningitis can only be spread through direct contact with infected body fluid. The best prevention is to maintain clean hygiene. Vaccines are another way of preventing disease. However, there are multiple serogroups of meningitis that makes creating a universal vaccine extremely difficult. So far, thereRead MoreBacterial Disease6531 Words   |  27 PagesBacterial diseases: Introduction Bacterial diseases include any type of illness or disease caused by bacteria, a type of microbe. Microbes are tiny organisms that cannot be seen without a microscope and include viruses, fungi, and some parasites as well as bacteria. The vast majority of bacteria do not cause disease, and many bacteria are actually helpful and even necessary to good health. Millions of bacteria normally live on the skin and in the intestines and can also be found on the genitaliaRead More Streptococcus pneumoniae Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesStreptococcus pneumoniae Life History Streptococcus pneumoniae is found worldwide. The common host is the human body, in which it often does not cause disease but at other times it can cause diseses in particular, pneumonia. It also causes otitis media, bacteremia, meningitis, peritonitis, and sinusitis. The route by which this organism is spread is from human to human in the form of aerosol droplets. When inside the host the organism’s primary site of pneumococcal colonization is the nasopharynx

Don free essay sample

# 8217 ; t Mess With My Food! Essay, Research Paper Don t Mess With My Food! Technology has been in full swing for old ages, but merely late have some of these developments been placed in forepart of us at the dinner tabular array. The familial technology of nutrient is a hot subject ; that with each repast, there is the possibility that we are seting genetically modified beings ( GMO ) in our oral cavities. These playthings of engineering may do the apples look bigger and juicier, but who is to state that these scientific discipline experiments will non hold long-run risky effects? There are many advantages to the scientific discipline of familial technology, but the uncertainness of the scientific discipline outweighs the apparently safe benefits. Simply, what some of the major statements boil down to is that genetically modified beings are potentially harmful to the environment, and most significantly, they are potentially harmful to worlds. We will write a custom essay sample on Don or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Are we willing, at this point, to take that hazard? I agree with Dr. Suzanne Wuerthelle when she says, the bottom line, in my personal position, is that we are confronted with the most powerful engineering the universe has of all time known, and it is being quickly deployed with about no idea to its effects ( Grogan 44 ) . We need to believe about effects before we leap into the unknown. Undoubtedly, there are statements in favour of familial technology. Pesticides are literally poured on many rows of harvests daily. Farmers stop at no length to protect their cherished Fieldss of net income. In bend, the groundwater is polluted and the general population is effected by the toxins drifting in the dirt and the H2O. By mutating plague immune cistrons and put ining them into these workss, they become pesticides within themselves and less add-on pesticides are required to maintain these harvests bug free. Not less important are the recent finds on how to enrich our nutrients with vitamins and minerals that would non otherwise be present in these nutrients, therefore doing harvest country more efficient. In this manner, scientists ( or instead corporations ) hope to be able to feed people who would hold otherwise gone hungry, and more impressive is that the nutrients will really be healthier. So there are, or seem to be, valid statements as to why these GMOs would be poten tially helpful to us and our nutrient. However apparently converting the statements for these technological progresss, I am non swayed. In the long tally, genetically technology our harvests may make more injury than good. Michel Lane provinces, Genetically engineered beings pose the greatest hazard to ecosystems, since they can go dynamic living parts of them. While some enterprises in familial technology may turn out successful in maintaining plagues off, others may go through their anti-bug cistrons on to their relations, doing them non merely bug resistant but pesticide resistant. These cousins could potentially be weeds, and in this instance, pesticide usage would non merely increase but it would hold to alter in signifier. In add-on, many workss are being genetically engineered to be fruitful in more fringy environments and to reproduce more readily. Both of these traits, wanted in favourable workss, can unluckily confabulate to the same workss the potency to go unwanted weeds, occupying ecosystems that aren t even their ain, taking over and even going fatal to assorted workss and animate beings, interrupting the nutrient concatenation, and for good altering natural home grounds ( Lane ) . In a survey conducted in the 1996 issue of Nature magazine, the introgression of cistrons from oil-rich seed colza to its weedy relation Brassica campetris was studied. The consequences showed the happening of fertile, transgenic weed-like workss after merely two coevalss of hybridisation and back traversing suggests a possible rapid spread of cistrons from oil-rich seed colza to B. campestris. They go on to province that this should be taken into history when sing the effects of reassigning new traits ( Mikkelson 31 ) . The least harmful pesticides had been used in the past, but now husbandmans may hold to exchange to less earth friendly chemicals to discourage their works marauders. This rearward consequence could hold a potentially irreversible consequence on our envi ronment and ecosystems, non to advert that husbandmans could confront immense fiscal losingss if their Fieldss are contaminated by air current borne pollen from neighbouring genetically modified harvests ( Grogan 44 ) . Some research workers say that the universe s Fieldss are going a research lab for the largest unplanned ecological experiment in agricultural history ( Spotts ) . As Michel Lane provinces, Risks to ecosystems are, of class, finally risks to human wellness and wellness is something that none of us wants to lose. The fact that some nutrients may be improved by holding different cistrons may intend different things to different people. Not merely may the cistrons that are added into the harvests be against moral and spiritual beliefs, but they could be harmful to their wellness on a short-run and a long-run degree. Without proper labeling and safeguards, people have no thought what they are eating. For illustration, Muslims have strict spiritual beliefs against eating porc. If they ate cereal genetically engineered with a porc cistron, are they non compromising their spiritual beliefs due to miss of information? If you have an allergic reaction to the original strain of a cistron, would you still have the allergic reaction to the altered and injected cistron? Soy information online says that there have been a 50 % addition in soy allergic reactions in one twelvemonth since genetically engineered nutrients entered the United Kingdom ( Lacey ) . And non all genetically engineered nutrients have more vitamins. A survey in a 1999 issue of the Journal of Medicinal Food indicates that compared with nonmodified soy assortments, genetically altered, herbicide-tolerant assortments may incorporate lower degrees of potentially good works estrogens ( Grogan 46 ) . Not adequate research has been done to reply these often asked inquiries, but these are likely concerns. In add-on to being harmful to many species of workss, this GEO boot may non be the best of intelligence for the carnal population either. In the current issue of the diary Science, a brace of British Scientists suggest that starling populations could drop by every bit much as 90 % if husbandmans adopt a new strain of sugar Beta vulgariss tailored to digest weedkillers. ( Spotts ) Another survey states that sovereign butterflies are threatened by pollen from maize that is engineered to bring forth a toxin fatal to a peculiar plague ( Spotts ) . Many genetically engineered nutrients have been linked to some cancer-causing agents. In a 1996 article in the International Journal of Health Services, it warns that milk produced from cattles injected with Monsanto s genetically engineered bovine growing endocrine ( BGH ) contains higher degrees of a endocrine that could be linked to higher chest and GI malignant neoplastic disease rates in worlds ( Grogan 46 ) . BGH milk differs from natural milk chemically, immunologically, pharmacologically, and nutritionally, besides being contaminated with Pus and antibiotics ensuing from mastitis induced by the biotech endocrine ( Researcher warns of Cancer Risk from rBGH Dairy nutrient ) . An interesting fact on this issue is that Americans have been imbibing this unlabelled BGH-produced milk for old ages, but neer has it been allowed in Europe or Canada ( Grogan 46 ) . Ever inquire why? A works geneticist Alan McHughen says, We look at genetically modified harvests, and we know what the possible jeopardies MAY be, but we want to cognize what the jeopardies truly are before they go out into the market place ( Spotts ) . In the U.S, regulators merely necessitate a one twelvemonth test before any given seed is ready for sale. ( Spotts ) . This merely is non plenty. As Congresswoman Kaptur stated, Because we have neer earlier had these genetically engineered harvests, we truly do non cognize their long term effects ( The Campaign ) . That is the bottom line. There may be legion apparently good effects of genetically modifying our harvests and nutrients, but non about adequate clip has been put into researching possible side effects. We do non desire to be experiencing the reverberations of these so called miracle-genes 50 old ages down the route. Simply, more research must be done before it becomes common pattern for us to be seting these bogus nutrients into our oral c avities.

Social Change Within Society and Culture free essay sample

Culture Culture refers to the knowledge, ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that give each society its coherence and its distinctive way of life. Culture is demonstrated by the beliefs, customs, values, laws, arts, technology and artefacts people generate and use as the interpret meaning from their world and solves present and future problems. Environment Every society is located in a particular physical setting. The attitudes and values people have in regard to their environment greatly affect interactions between the person, society, culture and environment. Environments present societies with opportunities and restraints. Time Every person, society and environment is located in time and is changing through time. Our perceptions of time as past, present and future are also important for social enquiry and action. These perceptions draw on past events that influence our present. They need not determine our future. We can perceive a range of possible future that can assist our decision-making. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Change Within Society and Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Power involves a capacity to influence others to follow a course of action or point of view they would not otherwise follow. Authority Authority implies a legitimate use of influence/persuasion. Someone in authority has accepted rights to make decisions regardless of those affected by the decisions opinion. Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women. Its refers to the value society places on those physical and biological differences. It may mean that a society accepts males as tough and boisterous, while females are accepted as sensitive and shy. These beliefs only have meaning because a society gives them one, not because they are based on fact. Technology Technology means the tools that make tasks easier, enhancing the natural ability of persons to perform those tasks. Technology is not accessed equally across the world and countries and companies with higher access to higher levels of technology are able to produce more products quickly and distribute them more efficiently. Core Concepts Empowerment used to describe groups within a society gaining access to power structures and being able to assert some control over their destiny. Globalisation describes the emergence of a global culture brought about by a variety of social and cultural developments such as, the existence of world information systems, the emergence of a global pattern of consumption and consumerism. It involves the consciousness of the world as a single place. Heritage refers to the collective past of a country. It may be physical heritage (materials or remains) or cultural heritage (songs, stories or music). It also plays a role in maintaining continuity. Industrialisation refers to the transition in methods of production that has been responsible for increasing wealth, creating capacity of modern societies compared to traditional systems. I may refer to manufacturing, agriculture and administration. Modernisation the adoption of new technology education and ways of thinking. A process of social change from the adoption of characteristics of a advanced society through societies that are less advanced. Westernisation A method and values of western industrial capitalism are the basis of changes occurring. A country adopts the values common in major western countries, USA, UK, Australia. These values include democracy, capitalism, and the adoption of free market economic industrialisation. Research Methodologies Social and Cultural Research the way we go about finding out things we dont know in the area of society and culture. It normally involves selecting a specific topic, deciding on the most appropriate methodologies, collecting data interpreting your results and presenting your findings. Quantitative research involves methodologies such as surveys, which enable you to collect data that can be turned into graphs, tables and diagrams. An advantage of measurable research is that it makes it easy to compare with other research. Qualitative research Qualitative research relies upon open ended questionnaires that are unstructured. Interviews and participant observation. The data you collect is normally personal opinions and require interpretation. Methodologies Adv Disadv Survey Uses observation or a questionnaire. It is a process of conducting a study from a representative sample of specific populating. Must be comprised of closed questions, multiple choice and rating scale. Closed questions Open questions †¢ Easier to interpret †¢ Minimal cost †¢ Many responses †¢ anonymity †¢ Cant elaborate †¢ little flexibility †¢ May misinterpret †¢ survey not returned by certain time. Case Study Case Study involves the collection of data related to an individual or small group through observation, interviews or evidence. Fairly detailed accurate info †¢ can get very involved †¢ research may be bias †¢ limited by the resources available to researcher Participant Observation Researcher is immersed in the action being observed but their role as researcher is not obvious. Researchers must be aware of ethical implications. †¢ requires researcher to reflect †¢ indepth, detailed à ¢â‚¬ ¢ participant may be self conscious †¢ difficult for researcher to get involved †¢ alter behaviour Content Analysis The study and interpretation of written and visual material. †¢ useful for range of cultural data †¢ very current info †¢ material shows bias very time consuming Focus Group A small group who (indepth) discuss a topic. Researcher records information. It is similar to interview but with up to eight people. †¢ Provides good qualitative information. †¢ Dynamic responses †¢ Lots of ideas †¢ difficult to select right participants †¢ difficult for group to trust each other Action Research Informal, qualitative, requires all participants to be collaborative researchers. People who recognise a problem in a workplace situation and devise a solution. †¢ Very accurate †¢ many ideas, updated †¢ researcher very involved †¢ Time consuming †¢ Confusing difficult to obtain conclusions. Personal Reflection Requires the researcher to reflect upon and evaluate their own experiences, memories, values and opinions in relation to specific issue or topic. †¢ Reflecting on own experiences †¢ Evaluating personal matters †¢ may cause friction with difficult issues †¢ personal bias Questionnaire Collecting data from a large and diverse sample of people. It is impersonal and contains clear questions worded simply to avoid confusion. Should be brief, logical sequence of questions †¢ minimal cost †¢ wide responses quickly †¢ anonymous †¢ Failure to receive responses little flexibility †¢ Misinterpret question Interview Interview may be structured, semi structured or unstructured indepth or conversational. This is a one on one situation that is time consuming. Structured very specific Unstructured broad, general Semi-structured open and closed †¢ quick and easy †¢ detailed and indepth †¢ can change questions to suit situation †¢ fl exible, quick †¢ time consuming †¢ not indepth †¢ difficult to analyse †¢ may be confusing †¢ difficult to analyse Observation Involves watching and recording behaviour within a clearly defined area. The researcher may be passive observer and outside the actions being observed and recorded. †¢ identity of person is known †¢ researchers reflect on situation †¢ participants alter behaviour †¢ self conscious Ethnographic Study Systematic collection of data derived from direct observation of everyday life of a particular society, group or subculture. This requires researchers immersion in the culture under study and is interactive process. The researcher is interested in understanding the customs and beliefs or this social group in the way of engaging in everyday life. †¢ indepth detailed †¢ researcher becomes very involved very time consuming †¢ researcher may be bias or make incorrect judgement. Statistical Analysis Examining data to interpret meaning, make generalisations and extrapolate trends. Often data come in graphical form and analysed by statistical procedures †¢ Up to date relevant information †¢ easy to graph and present †¢ info can date quickly †¢ inaccuracies when transferring info Macro and micro worlds Micro world, peers, family and school. It refers to personal experience and the ideas, insight, reflections, knowledge on life experiences of the individual which can be used to generate an understanding of the wider world. Macro world, laws, workplace, government. It refers to Public Knowledge involving history of systematic research that can be used to clarify, unify and order. Groups formed so society can function, control and organise Informal short experiences not governed by rigid rules Formal expected conduct and formalised relations Decision making formal groups have predetermined procedures. Minority groups cultural practices and appearance unlike the dominate groups making them susceptible to unequal treatment. Institution part of the structure of society, organised e. g. hurch, government, law Organisation structure within society which is set in place for e. g. business, clubs, political parties. Power and Authority POWER Institutional position power is part of a role that others see as legitimate e. g. president or judges. Property owning ones property denying access to property e. g. landlords or factory owners. Force physically removing, threatening to inflict damage e. g. physi cal harm or public humiliation. Personal qualities charm and charisma e. g. singers, religious leaders Legitimate power recognising and applying power e. g. government officials Empowerment to give power to other e. g. principles give children power to run assemblies. AUTHORITY Traditional based on birthrights unwritten rules e. g. royal family the son becomes king. Legal or rational Power legitimate by ruled defined by leader e. g. prime minister, mayor Charismatic Power legitimated by remarkable qualities attributed to specific leader e. g. Jesus, Hitler, Martin Luther King Decision making Decision making making up your mind, deciding about something, making choices, resolving issues. Simple decision one that is easy Complex decision important, made in a group There are different types of decisions. †¢ Decisions made for you, by someone else e. g. by force or persuasion. †¢ Automatic Decisions, dont think about it, its instinctive. †¢ Quick Decision, made without alot of though, impulsively. †¢ Thoughtful Decision, perhaps made after discussing it with a friend or parent. †¢ Group Decision, reached only after much though and decision involving other people. We live ion a democratic society, we participate in decision making which affects us and our families e. g. casting votes at elections when we are 18, joining groups and committees. There are decisions that are out of our control as adults. Decisions are affected by, influence, power and authority, compromise, conflict, consultation and imposition, winners and loser, available resources and vested interests. All families have needs and wants, requiring many different decisions to be made. Most decisions within family unit are made by adults. Yet this is changing. decision making is an ongoing process, we make decisions all the time, as individuals and in groups. A simple way to decide is to write down the advantages and disadvantages. The Nature of Social and Cultural Continuity and Change Identifying the nature of social and cultural continuity and change CONTINUITY Continuity persistence of cultural elements in a society. new ideas are developed and grafted onto old ideas. Continuation of social groups, forms of interaction, customs, beliefs e. g. Alphabet, process or paper making. Conformity is the strongest where some of these conditions are evident in a society. †¢ Vested interest †¢ Change resisted by fear †¢ Loss of power or wealth †¢ Rigid caste systems †¢ Strongly help beliefs, do nit share others values Psychological barriers, resistance due to tradition Ethnocentrism; passing judgement on attitudes and lifestyles in other societies. We tend to believe our own society is superiors because of long term direct experience. This assists group loyalty however it can lead to barriers in accepting features of other societies. This relates to conformity and continuity rather than change . Suspicion, prejudice and stereotyping are all parts of Ethnocentrism. Cultural relativity; helps stop ethnocentrism, cultural relativity requires an act, that should be regarded positively and forfills needs of a society. Elements of society are continuous †¢ Hereditary value (language spoken) †¢ Standardized behavior (driving on the right side of the road) Theory of cultural lag Developed by William Ogburn, the theory argues attitudinal aspects of culture, lag behind when change first occurs in the material aspect of culture e. g. computers. Continuity and socialisation Continuity is part of the socialisation process. Socialisation transmits culture from generations, it is an informal process of learning values, norms, and skills observed and participation e. g. rules set by law ad religious beliefs. CHANGE Change constant element in life, significant alteration in patterns of culture and social structure that are reflected in social behavior. Change is a constant element in social life. All societies experience social change, a significant alternation in the patterns of culture an social structures that are reflected in social behavior. Some societies, like small tribes change slowly due to isolation, while other like the United States change rapidly. Social Change refers to; †¢ Identity of change, what changes †¢ Level of change, level in an individual, group or society †¢ Rate of change, sudden or gradual Direction of change, will it improve or get worse †¢ Magnitude of change, comprehensive, revolutionary In order to appreciate the degree and nature of change we must have a level of stability or baseline against which to measure, Change is not uniform. Not all cultural and social elements change at the same rate. Factors that influences change include; †¢ E nvironmental conditions †¢ Isolation †¢ Available resources †¢ Population †¢ Political organisations †¢ Cultural factors †¢ Leaders and entrepreneurs Innovation Innovation, change occurred when people think of new ways of doing things. Technological innovation are, cars which changed the structure of cities, mobile phones which increased communication, internet world wide communication, planes. Cultural innovations are new beliefs and values systems, religions. Social Innovations are bureaucratic organisation which enable people to cope with the demands of present day society. CHANGE CAN SPREAD Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of ideas form one society to another examples of this are; †¢ Domestication of animals †¢ Invention of machines, industrial revolution †¢ Invention of siliconchip. Closeness to centres of invention is important because new ideas is adversely proportional to distance, the more isolated the slower the development. Media and transportation reduced isolation and help speed up innovations, culture value shows this. Diffusion can be planned e. g. economic aid to third world countries. Acculturation Acculturation is the adoption of new ideas, values by one culture to another because of prolonged interaction. Acculturation is rapid, through direct contact, migration, military and missionaries. Examples are worker in India taken to Fiji, missionaries living in Indigenous areas. Acculturation is a two way process; 1) Transculturation Two cultures take ideas from one another, one is dominant. 1) Involuntary acculturation One culture has political control and forces the other society to accept its ideas. Collective Behavior Collective Behavior is unpredictable behavior of groups when working outside societies recognized institutions. Types of collective behavior include; †¢ Panics †¢ Conventional crowds e. g. marches, rallies †¢ Acting crowds e. g. mobs, riots †¢ Rumors; untrue reports spread via collective behavior †¢ Fad, short lives †¢ Fashion Public opinion; ideas and attitudes shared by member of the public. Institutional Behavior is predictable patterns, regulated by traditional norms. The nature of continuity Continuity of the persistence of social and cultural elements with a society e. g. social group of family and peers. Continuities with Australia include; †¢ Anzac Day, Australia day †¢ Melbourne Cup †¢ Vegemite †¢ Schoolies week †¢ Year 12 formal Some societies with strongly help traditional beliefs, continuities are dominant, conformity is encourages. Few elements are added e. g traditional societies based on strong religious beliefs. Continuities persist because; †¢ We need to preserve our language, laws, morals, ethics, behavior so that our traditions last into the future. This is done through the socialisation process, we pass social continues onto generations. In the micro world this happens through family, in the macro world it is through media, government, law, education and religion. †¢ Continuities (traditions) provide security for a society to help maintain links to the pasty so there is a sense of continuity for the future. †¢ Continuity brings stability to society, t prevents chaos followed from massive change. The nature of change Change is the alteration of how things are done, the alteration in pattern of culture, social structure and social behavior over time. No society can successfully prevent change, some societies are more resistant however. The rates, nature and direction of change different from one society e. g. Australian compared to traditional pygmy society of Africa. Change occurs when people think of new ways of doing something e. g. innovations. Innovations spread by diffusion and acculturation. Change forces societies to consider traditions they wish to keep or discard. Change in societies is inevitable; †¢ can be constructive (new medicine) †¢ can be destructive (pollution) †¢ may be sudden (war or death) †¢ evolve gradually (animal extinction) We need to prepare for change. It is constant element of social life. Some changes are planned, others unplanned. They can be of a short duration (fads and fashion) or long duration (invention of cars). Some changes are readily accepted (improved health care) while other are controversial (feminist movement). Modernisation The process of change in society in terms of development to a more modern society is said to be called Modernisation. It is a process of social change resulting from diffusion and adoption of characteristics of more modern societies by societies said to be less advanced. This process involves greater social mobility, more effective government control, acceptance of innovations and changing social values. †¢ Process of Modernisation refers to economic, social and cultural changes that occur when pre industrial societies (traditional) make transition to a more advanced industrial society. †¢ major thrusts of Modernisation is industrialization. †¢ there is no end to the Modernisation process. the more modern a society Australia the more it undergoes this process. Who benefits from Modernisation †¢ many of the younger groups are willing to embrace change †¢ the educated understand and rationalize change †¢ The wealthy can afford change Who do not benefit from Modernisation †¢ The elder, unskilled, conservative christians †¢ The poor or uneducated. †¢ They see modernization a destroying traditional values. Examining the impact of continuity and change upon the lives of people in the micro and macro worlds MACROWORLD The macroworld continuities are refered to as traditions e. g. Australians love going to the beach is recognized across generations. Macroworld change operates on different levels Changes in government may cause changes in society e. g. liberal government replaced by labour (whitlam) lead to reform in fault divorce. Technological Change in the macroworld e. g. vinyl records to compact disc. Communication changes e. g. snail mail to email Organisations changed around the world, replaced with globalisation. Political power now belongs to multinational companies. Environment Continuity or change will impact the macroworld e. g. increase in global awareness, problem with depleting resources/species and atmosphere problems. Development of international domestic laws combat these changes. Microworld e. g. joining organisations such as greenpeace. Population change Macroworld size; international organisations set up to combat large populations in developing countries e. g. AID including food. Microworld size; 40 hour famine charity, donations Macroworld distribution; laws have been set up to provide infrastructure for migrants to move countries. Microworld distribution; bring different foods, languages Macroworld composition; aging population, an increase in retirement homes Microworld composition; work longer, no pension Political organisations Macroworld; type of government running the country, influences school syllabus Microworld; voting, compulsory English Leaders and change Macroworld; Howard e. g. policy on terrorism increases security. Microworld; postponement of overseas travel. Innovations Macroworld; invention e. g. internet creates global village. Laws regulate abuse of technology Microworld; easy communication access to information Acculturation/Diffusion migrants Macroworld; regulation and laws increase immigrants. Media plays role in diffusing/acculturating society Microworld; different food/religions, more culture in schools. Collective Behavior- fashion fads Macroworld; straight hair, hipster jeans Microworld; buying a muster hair straighter. Distinguishing between personal experience and public knowledge MICROWORLD Microworld; family, peers, school, sport teams, community life The world we know through personal experience. Experiences help us grow and develop as human beings. It helps us engage in personal reflection Personal experience; ideas, insight, reflection or an individual used to generate understanding of the wider world. MACROWORLD Macroworld; media, law, government, libraries, research Public knowledge collection of knowledge assembled through research from a range of personal experience knowledge is found in books, lectures, documents. Public Knowledge; socially constructed knowledge involving a history of research. It is achieved through institutions, government, religion and mass media. Role of power and authority in social and cultural continuity and change GOVERNMENT Change; government members initiate and debate new laws. Governments can change themselves after elections. Continuity; Governments maintain political stability by protecting laws that are already in place. The also maintain traditional political parties. . g. Labour, liberal and heritage and traditions e. g. anthem, Australian flag. LEADERS (politicians, religious, business) Change; can be by force e. g. Hitler, by vote e. g. John Howard, through inspiration e. g. Nelson Mandella Continuity; used their power to influence others, maintain traditions and encouraging people to believe what they them selves believe. RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS Change; some churches/religion have adjusted to contemporary society and accepted gay community, women priests, play modern music. Continuity; most churches maintain continuities through their ceremonies and beliefs. Churches are conservative, perpetuate morals, values and customs of their doctrine. EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Change; school deals with change by introducing new curriculum, latest technology and new legal rules e. g. anti-bullying. Continuity; formal assembly, uniform, orientation day, awards presented. THE FAMILY Change; in size, status, structure and roles to suit modern society. More mothers in the workforce has caused change in families. Continuity; celebrations, religious customs, relationships, the concept of family and what it means has remained constant. Theories of social change and evaluating their role in explaining continuities and changes in society. Theory is a statement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the relationship among them. A full grasp of social change needs more than an understanding of some specific factors that can provoke change. We need a broader theory that explains how, why and what direction social change in general takes place. A successful theory of social change must do more than describe events it must explain how and why change takes the form that it does. SOCIO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Theorist Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin The main idea of this theory is that this theory implies that all societies gradually change from traditional and simple to more complex following only one path. Modern socio theorists believe that development and change could occur in a multilinear way i. e. following several different paths, not just one. They did not believe that industrial societies were necessarily superior to rural based or traditional societies and did not view all changes as progress. Strengths; It says that societies can develop in many different ways not just one path. It believes that not all change is progress. Weaknesses; Only looks at slow change, evolution and doesnt explain quick change e. g. war, natural disaster. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY Theorist Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons This theory emphasises social order and the importance of maintaining structures and processes within society to maintain a state of equilibrium or balance. This theory says that if change occurs, its temporarily alters the balance in society, brings about adjustment or change to bring about a new equilibrium and balance once again in society. Believes social change occurs when internal or external forces upset societys balance e. unemployment, women returning to the workforce, war) All parts of society have a function, and change is a result of these functions being disturbed. In simple societies there are fewer institutions to perform functions (family, education economic production of food). In more complex societies more institutions perform functions e. g. schools provide education not family. Strengths; sh ows how society deals with change and adjusts to it Weaknesses; More about institutional order. Concentrates on destructive change. Doesnt deal well with technology, or economic change. CONFLICT THEORY Theorist Karl Marx Views conflict and change as inevitable in society and ongoing. Change is the result of inequalities in society e. g. class differences, religious differences, differences in wealth and ethnic differences. Conflict occurs between groups with power, who wish to maintain their value and prestige and those who have no power but wish to challenge the existing power structures. Strengths; Alot of change does occur through recognizes that side of society. Explains human nature, not everyone always agrees and everyone wants more power. Weaknesses; Not all change requires conflict in society. Provides little indication of future directions of change. Explore continuity and change †¢ Is all change necessarily progress? Change; an alteration in the way things are done in society Progress; improvements for the better, getting something better Therefore do all changes always lead to improvements in peoples lives in the micro and macro world. NO a culture may feel that in changing they are abandoned their traditional way of life, which may be very important to them due to e. g. religion and unplanned change e. g. war is negative, natural disasters. Also change may be forces upon a society or culture e. . The Jews under Hitler. YES change can be progress as no society would be willing to change a good life for a poorer one. Australia change to incorporate women and indigenous issues into mainstream political life. †¢ Which groups benefit from change? Which do not? Groups; people who gather together because they have something in common Benefits; gaining something good or positive. Therefore who gains something positive from change and who doesnt within the micro and macro world. THE WEALTHY benefit for change as if changes are technologically based, the wealthy can affords it and young people. Most other groups do too. MINORITY GROUPS do not benefit because they are isolated groups in society, they may not change at the same rate as society as a whole. Lower class members are unfamiliar with technology due to poverty and lack of education and fall behind in society. †¢ Are westernisation, modernisation and industrialisation inevitable? Westernisation; the process of countries adopting the practices and values of western countries, especially USA eg. fast food, music, TV. Modernisation; the process of countries moving from traditional societies (focused on ontinuities) to modern societies which accept change. Industrialisation; the process of moving from a society based on agriculture to a society based on industry as the main means of production. Are these 3 processes going to happen to all countries of the world at some stage YES, the world reflects a move towards these three processes in the system or organisation called globalisation. The influence and demands of t he World Bank to follow a western style economy to gain access to loan funds. Technology is becoming so much more prolific and affordable that everyone is exposed economic base of many countries. NO, Some countries are economically and culturally strong enough to maintain their independence from globalisation. Cuba is still an independent country despite its proximity to the US. Social and Cultural Continuity and Change in a Selected Country Apply the fundamental course concepts to that country PERSONS Individualism is not encouraged in traditional Japanese society. Persons are expected to blend in and work for the good of the group, but attitudes are changing. Until the end of second world war the interests of individuals were suppressed under a patriarchal system. he state was compared as one large family. Harmony amongst people is the basis of Japanese society. Japanese are extremely sensitive to any conflict and avoidance can be observed. Traditional Japan; authority and power was held by shoguns and were recognized as individuals. this was based on a caste system. Relationships between people was dictated by the caste system. Women non existent, position determined by th eir family. Polite and plain language. Contemporary Japan; Abolishment of caste system, rise of middle class has show growth in sense of individualism in males and females. Adolescents are expressing themselves openly, choice of career path, expectations of quality of life. relationships still reflect superior inferior status. Evidence language and bowing. Improvement in womens position, can vote, access to work. Through westernisation 2 language forms are slowing becoming one. SOCIETY Originally a feudal society with strict cast system with emperor as ruler. Warlords and Samurai kept peace in early Japan under control of shogun (military leader) Today society is governed by democratically elected monarchy. Family and peer groups are important groups in society. Traditional society Family; extended family unit, ie. Mainly subsistence farming. Ie responsible for welfare, health and education of members. Arranged marriages. Husband head of the house. Division of labour based on gender. Government; Feudal society structure around clans. Emperor nominated ruler supported by shoguns and samurais. Meiji Restoration saw movement towards democratic society. Education; reserved mainly for daimyos and nobles. peasants were educated to read, write and maths. This led to literate society. Contemporary society Family; Mainly nuclear families, some extended still exist in city due to high living costs. growth in single parents. Marriage mainly own choice/love. Gender roles in family re similar. Government; Bicameral system, emperor symbolic head of state. Constitutional democracy. responsibilities for welfare of citizens organized by government institutions e. g. social security, education, health Education; Still highly literate society, still values, key to socio economic mobility and has resulted in a highly competitive system of cram schools. Equal access, and education still instills cultural values. CULTURE The importance of Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism to traditional society. The importance of ceremonies like the tea ceremony. Traditional Culture; Importance of Buddhism and Shintoism to ritual; and beliefs. Confucianism reinforced the caste system, values, distribution of power and authority. Art and artifacts forces mainly on nature. Contemporary Japan; Role of religious beliefs slowly declining. Adopting of western ideas and values. Change in social habits and prefer western life e. g. Macdonald over sushi, baseball over sumo wrestling. Emergence of subculture group e. g. skinheads, rockers. Persistence of geisha both traditional and ones for tourists. ENVIRONMENT Originally closed to western world, western contact in 1850s. today a mixture of traditional Japanese environment overlaid with a westernized environment. physically environment is crowded islands and mountainous. Traditional Environment; Predominately feudal, agricultural society. Closed society, superiority, limited opportunity to exchange ideas, values and technology, pre Commodore Perry. Control over the adoption of anything foreign. Opportunity to adopt Confucian values from China thus reinforcing caste system. Contemporary Japan; Democratically elected, open society whereby western ideas, technology and culture are readily adopted through diffusion and acculturation. World leader in technology, highly industrial, major export, major importer of food and raw materials. TIME Over time Japan has experience both continuity and change. modernisation began with Western contact after WW2. every aspect of society and culture has changed over time in Japan some important traditions have remained. A historical look at Japan will allow us to view its continuities and changes and the interrelationship between time, person, society and culture. Examine the nature of traditional society and culture in that country The emperor in Japan held superior status and was fundamental to Japanese nationalism. Most of the population were farmers or craftsmen, the position of nobility being filled by influential; families. Japan was controlled by daimyos or warlords. The warrior class or samurais increased in importance as it was military strength which ensured dominance. Japan was governed by shoguns until 1868 when the old emperor Meiji was restored to power this is known as the Meiji restoration period. Under shoguns the samurais continued to gain power and were the only class permitted to carry a sword. membership to class continued to be determined by birth and ones class in turn determined ones occupation, choice of marriage partner. Outside class system were those who performed unclean task, classless, non human. Th capital of Edo was moved to Tokyo and it was mandatory for families to register with local Buddhist temples. While Shinto was traditional religion is Japan both Confucianism and Buddhism was introduced by china. The family, the traditional family unit or ie was fundamental to Japanese society. They had to honor their ancestors and maintain continuity of the family unit. Loyalty and filial duty were expected of all members who were subordinate to the head. these were Confucian principles. If there was no son to inherit the role of head then a son in law might take on the role, when there were no children adoption was an appropriate solution. In 1947 constitution which spelt the demise of the ie, choices of spouse, inheritance, property rights were changes to reflect equality of gender and rights of the individual. Within the home, religious rites were performed at the Buddhist alter in the home. Power and authority, the control of power is a feature of the history of every nation. In Japan there was a dramatic move from the centralized limited access to power structure of its feudal period to the more open and democratic practices of today. From the time of the Fujiwara period power in Japan had been in the hands of the shoguns. These were families of noble birth and exerted great influence and control over the political and military power of Japan. Towards the middle of the 19th century, the power of the shoguns began to weaken. A coup was staged by a fraction of samurai who claim to be replacing the emperor in his rightful position of power seized the control of government from the shogun and installed a new leadership. New leaders of the Meiji restoration decided to actively seek innovation and western ideas into all aspects of Japanese society. The changes that followed were reestablishing the old imperial style government. Centralizing power, downgrading the old institutions, rationalizing the bureaucracy and improving the nations military power and abolishing the feudal system of privileges. Industrialization and westernisation, establishing a constitutional democracy with a national parliament. All of this took place in thirty years During the Meiji restoration businesses had to reply on the government for the capital funds which they needed to get established. A partnership was formed which gave both business and government stability. The families which responded most quickly to the Meiji period needs accumulated immense economic control and huge industrial organisations. These financial cliques were extremely powerful. After WW2, the Zaibatsu were broken up. The American occupation of Japan after WW2 brought with its other substantial changes. A new constitution was formed, women were given the vote, education system revised, land reform program was put in place and labour unions developed. Japan had a highly valued sense of national identity and cultural heritage. these have withstood the incursion of foreigners and the rapid modernisation process which accompanied the American occupation. Japans subsequent success industrially and economically reflect her ability to sift imported values and achievement and glean only those which will prove worthwhile. There was a transformation of Japan from feudal, with rigid caste system to democratic parliament with no class system and an industrialized economy begun with the Meiji restoration and was completed with the American occupation. Evaluate the nature of power and authority in that country FAMILY AUTHORITY Traditional Family; grandfather, eldest son and father Modern Family; parents (nuclear family), in extended families it still the parents CLASS POWER Traditional society; emperor, warrior class, shogun Modern society; Based on socio economic status, democracy everyone can vote. EDUCATION AUTHORITY Traditional; best schools for wealthy, education important, limited access for women Modern; Compulsory education, women now educated, wealthy power cram schools GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY Traditional; power in hands of shoguns, nobles warriors, emperor, isolation policy Modern; Democracy, emperor still symbolic MILITARY AUTHORITY POWER Traditional; shoguns had own army, samurais power through force Modern; after WW2 US in power, use of police instead of military, Government has power over military MEDIA POWER Modern societies; TV, radio, increased access to westernisation, increased power of women, strong influence on adolescents. Apply one theory of social change appropriate to the selected country By applying the functionalist theory to social change within Japan we can see how it has occurred due to a disruption in the balance. This lead to adjustments in other parts of the system and a new equilibrium level is reached, while balance is restored. During the Tokogawa period equilibrium was maintained however change occurred through the arrival of the USA and Commodore Perry in the 1800s. This ended Japans isolation with the introduction of trade. Next the Meiji restoration period brought about adjustments such as; changed laws, generalized government under emperor, increased power of merchant class and dismantling of caste system. New balance was obtained during the 1930s and this remained till after WW2. Yet change reoccurred when Japan lost WW2 and the US initiates restructuring of all institutions. These changes were evidence through the introduction of women voting, new constitutions, education no longer based on class, shift in government causing democratic elections and production changes from agriculture to industrial production. his restored a new equilibrium up till 1980s. Change has occurred again with globalization and increased influence of western ideas and values. yet a new equilibrium was reached in 1990s. the effects of these changes are still present with the influence of female workers, decreased role for the elderly, government providing care for the elderly, increase in individualism and decrease in identi ty, changing role of the families and increased media influence. Limitations of this has been the focus on changes to institution and it doesnt take globalisation into account. The functionalist theory doesnt take globalisation into account as globalisation of a country would never allow Japan to achieve a true equilibrium. Family life and population changes Continuity is the persistence of social and cultural elements within a society. Change is an alteration is how things are done. It is the alteration in patterns of culture, social structure and social behavior over tie. In Japan, there have been many continuities and changes to family life but mostly changes due to the population. Changes to the Japanese family have occurred due to such influences as acculturation and westernisation. here have been an increase in both nuclear and single parent families, with more women entreating the workforce, leading to greater sense of empowerment. 80% of families now live in the city as opposed to rural areas and as such due to lack of space, many families are split up. More elderly are now in retirement homes, rather than being cared for at home. The function of fa mily as an institution of education and health care is now moreso in the hands of the government. There have also been many continuities in family life in japan. For example, here are still strong gender based division of labour, with the father as the breadwinner and the mother in charge of the house hold. In rural areas of Japan, the extended family is still very important with the elderly passing traditions to younger generations and the parents caring for the elderly at home. As the population is constantly changing, there are many more changes than continuities. The population in japan is ageing, meaning that there is a decrease in both birth and death rates. Due to the increase in nuclear families, such questions arise as who will take care of the elderly? A social adjustment has been necessary with the state beginning to take responsibility for elderly care, rather than the family. The main continuity in population change is that japan has remained monoculture. Imigration is discouraged due to lack of space and the Japanese wish to maintain their distinct culture and way of life. In conclusion there have been many continuities and changes in population and family life. The extended family has tried to maintain traditions in the family due to modernisation, westernisation , industrialisation and acculturation, change is inevitable. A countrys population is not static, so it is to be expected that there are many more changes, rather than continuities. Develop hypotheses for thinking about the future of Japan Feasibility study Process of defining exactly what a project is and what strategic issues need to be considered to assess its potential for success- is it probable. Scenario writing Attempt to account the good and bad possibilities based on what we know. Science fiction writing is a form of scenario writing, the writer uses their understanding of continuity and change to analyze possible futures Analyzing trends and forecasting. Involves reviewing the directions/changes being taken within society and trying to predict outcomes. Events from the past and present are projected forward based on the idea that the frequency and course of change will continue into the future. JAPANS AGING POPULATION What we know already: Traditions are not passed on, Japans population is aging, as less people are having children due to lack of space and high living costs. The death rate is also decreasing, there are more elderly living longer. Land is very expensive breakdown of traditional extended family. Problems associated with this situation: As less children are being born, there are less people to grow up to look after the increased number of elderly. As less elderly live with the extended family due to lack of space, the state needs to put more money into elderly care. the separation of children and grandparents means that fewer traditions are being passed between generations. Gap in socialization process for kids who dont live in extended families. Greater tax burden for younger generation. Possible future scenarios: The population will continue to age, with less children being born. As more families move to city areas there will be a trend towards more nuclear families. A group of young people with no understanding of the past. Couples reduce the number of children. More care facilities needed, more jobs, more cots. Forecasting changes to the society and culture: The government will encourage superannuation, so people will be able to fund their own retirement. They may still need to spend more money on elderly care for those without superannuation. Such solutions as placing preschools and retirement homes together will maintain traditions, as children will be in contact with the elderly. Shorter working hours/public holidays for family time. Encourage migration of young people. INCREASED GLOBAL CULTURAL INTEGRATION What we know already: Japan is being affected by globalisation. This impacts Japans society and culture as they are part of the global community. Westernisation, industrialisation and modernisation are also occurring, Americanization part of global tourism network, open communication and trade. Problems associated with this situation: Japans traditions may become less important. Changes in Japans economy due to changes in the worlds economy. This may attribute to the high living costs. Loss of cultural identity. Infiltration of American culture. Possible scenarios for the future: Japan may suffer future economic downfall. the country will continue to become westernized. traditions and links to the past will continue to weaken. Forecasting changes to the society and culture: Government initiatives to encourage maintenance of traditions. American/Western lifestyles become increasing common. May vary depending on generation. the elderly wish to become more traditional the young want to be more westernized. Greater access for young people to western mass media if they wish.

Free Essays on Acid Rain

One of the main causes of acid rain is sulfur dioxide. Natural sources, which emit this gas, are Volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as Coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and the ozone help to catalyze the reaction, changing more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. The following pages will show the effects of acid rain on: Trees and Soils, Lakes and Aquatic Systems, Materials, Atmosphere, Architecture and Humans. One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulfuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum also present in the soil is freed and the roots of trees absorb this toxic element. Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not the entire sulphur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulfuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions. Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new needles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at whic... Free Essays on Acid Rain Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain Imagine that you are dying, simply because you ate a fish. This death is a result of acid rain. Acid rain is a silent murder in today’s ecosystems. The effects of acid rain on the ecosystem can be deadly. Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural low pH level. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. This acid rain is a product of today’s industry. When products are manufactured, many chemicals are used to create it. However, because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing these products, they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about twenty years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acid rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. By the time the scientist found the problem, it was already very large. Detecting an acidic lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acidic over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times even decades. The changes are usually too gradual to be noticed early on. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers and lakes, like the river Tovdal in Norway, had not yet begun to die. By 1926, local inspectors began to notice that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of serious problems. Fish were found dead along many river banks. As winter’s ice began to melt, hundreds upon hundreds of dead fish (trout in particular) were found. It was at this time that scientist, began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work, they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5,000 in one pile. Divers were sent in to examine the bottom of the rivers. They found many more dead fish. Many live and dead specimens were taken back to numerous labs across Norway. When the live specimens were examined they were found t... Free Essays on Acid Rain One of the main causes of acid rain is sulfur dioxide. Natural sources, which emit this gas, are Volcanoes, sea spray, rotting vegetation and plankton. However, the burning of fossil fuels, such as Coal and oil, are largely to be blamed for approximately half of the emissions of this gas in the world. When sulfur dioxide reaches the atmosphere, it oxidizes to first form a sulfate ion. It then becomes sulfuric acid as it joins with hydrogen atoms in the air and falls back down to earth. Oxidation occurs the most in clouds and especially in heavily polluted air where other compounds such as ammonia and the ozone help to catalyze the reaction, changing more sulfur dioxide to sulfuric acid. The following pages will show the effects of acid rain on: Trees and Soils, Lakes and Aquatic Systems, Materials, Atmosphere, Architecture and Humans. One of the most serious impacts of acid precipitation is on forests and soils. Great damage is done when sulfuric acid falls onto the earth as rain. Nutrients present in the soils are washed away. Aluminum also present in the soil is freed and the roots of trees absorb this toxic element. Thus, the trees are starved to death as they are deprived of their vital nutrients such as calcium and magnesium. Not the entire sulphur dioxide is converted to sulfuric acid. In fact, a substantial amount can float into the atmosphere, move over to another area and return to the soils unconverted. As this gas returns to earth, it clogs up the stomata in the leaves, thus hindering photosynthesis. Research has been made where red spruce seedlings were sprayed with different combinations of sulfuric and nitric acid of pH ranging from 2.5 to 4.5. The needles of these seedlings were observed to develop brown lesions. Eventually, the needles fall off. It was also found that new needles grew more slowly at higher concentrations of acid used. Because the rate at which the needles were falling was greater than the rate at whic... Free Essays on Acid Rain What is acid rain? Acid rain is the term for pollution caused when sulfur and nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture. The term 'acid rain' is slightly misleading, and would be more accurate if deemed 'enhanced acid rain', as rain occurs acidic naturally. Acidity is measured on what is know as the pH scale. Fourteen is the most basic, seven is the most neutral, and zero is the most acidic. Pure rain has a pH level of 7, which is exactly neutral. The acidity of rain is determined by the pH of pure water in reaction with atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, resulting in carbonic acid. These particles partly dissociate to produce hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions. A bicarbonate atom is an ion formed by one hydrogen atom, one carbon at atom, and three oxygen atoms, and is very effective in natural waters at neutralizing hydrogen ions and reducing acidity. The dissociation results in the natural acidity of pure rain, which is moderately acidic at a pH of 5.7. Rain le ss than 5.7 is considered 'acid rain', meaning it has reacted with acidic atmospheric gases other than carbon dioxide, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Sulfur dioxide is produced by electric utilities, industrial, commercial and residential heating, smelters, diesel engines and marine and rail transport, which creates sulfuric acid in rain. Nitrogen dioxide will also react with the rain, caused largely by transportation (cars, trucks, planes, etc.) and electric utilities, producing nitric acid. There is a certain degree of naturally occurring acidity in rain water. This acid is from reaction with alkaline chemicals, found in soils, lakes and stream, and can occasionally occur when a volcano erupts as well. Bacterial action in soils and degasing from oceanic plankton also contribute to the acidity found in rain. More than 90% of the sulfur and 95% of the nitrogen emissions which occur in North America are due to the pollution created by humans.1 H... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Swe den and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many piles of dead fish, up to 5000 in one... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non-ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source .When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre-Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka-Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 an... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain INTRODUCTION: Acid rain is a great problem in our world. It causes fish and plants to die in our waters. As well it causes harm to our own race as well, because we eat these fish, drink this water and eat these plants. It is a problem that we must all face together and try to get rid of. However acid rain on it's own is not the biggest problem. It cause many other problems such as aluminum poisoning. Acid Rain is deadly. WHAT IS ACID RAIN? Acid rain is all the rain, snow, mist etc that falls from the sky onto our planet that contains an unnatural acidic. It is not to be confused with uncontaminated rain that falls, for that rain is naturally slightly acidic. It is caused by today's industry. When products are manufactured many chemicals are used to create it. However because of the difficulty and cost of properly disposing of these products they are often emitted into the atmosphere with little or no treatment. The term was first considered to be important about 20 years ago when scientists in Sweden and Norway first believed that acidic rain may be causing great ecological damage to the planet. The problem was that by the time that the scientist found the problem it was already very large. Detecting an acid lake is often quite difficult. A lake does not become acid over night. It happens over a period of many years, some times decades. The changes are usually to gradual for them to be noticed early. At the beginning of the 20th century most rivers/lakes like the river Tovdal in Norway had not yet begun to die. However by 1926 local inspectors were noticing that many of the lakes were beginning to show signs of death. Fish were found dead along the banks of many rivers. As the winters ice began to melt off more and more hundreds upon hundreds more dead fish (trout in particular) were being found. It was at this time that scientist began to search for the reason. As the scientists continued to work they found many... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid rain is one of the most dangerous and widespread forms of pollution. Sometimes called "the unseen plague," acid rain can go undetected in an area for years. Technically, acid rain is rain that has a larger amount of acid in it than what is normal. The acidity of rain in parts of Europe and North America has dramatically increased over the past few decades. It is now common in many places for rain to be ten to seventy times more acidic than unpolluted rain. Many living and non-living systems become harmed and damaged, because of acid rain. This article gives an informational, in-depth look at acid rainits causes and effects; and solutions to the acid rain problem. Smoke and gases, given off by factories, cars, and other polluters that run on fossil fuels, cause acid rain. When these fuels are burned to produce energy, the sulfur that is present in the fuel combines with oxygen and becomes sulfur dioxide; some of the nitrogen in the air becomes nitrogen oxide. These pollutants go into the atmosphere, and become acid. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced especially when coal is burnt for fuel. Burning coal produces electricity, the more electricity people use, and the more coal is burnt. Of course, nowadays people probably could not live without electricity, so coal will continue to be burnt; but electricity and energy are constantly being overused. Think of it this way: every time we turn on a light switch or the television set without really needing to, we are indirectly contributing to the acid rain problem. Automobiles produce nitrogen oxides (which cause acid rain), so every time we do not carpool when we can, we are helpi ng to cause acid rain. Therefore, now that we know what causes acid rain, here a look at how acid rain can hurt you and the world around you? Acid rain is an extremely destructive form of pollution, and the environment suffers from its effects. Forests, lakes, animals, and plant... Free Essays on Acid Rain Acid Rain First of all I’d like to start off with some thoughts on acid rain. Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now but I believe this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact that acid rain has on the wildlife and how it is destroying the atmosphere. Now I will explain the causes of acid rain. Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of eastern Canada and North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulfuric acid sources are non-ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are in the main sources for nitric acid (about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulfuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometers from the source. When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have a large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. There are many areas that just don’t have any defense against acid rain. In areas like Ontario or mainly the southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, contain substances like limestone or other known antacids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Precambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore overtime, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to an acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, parry sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if Sul...